How Does Refractive Surgery Work?

Refractive surgery involves altering the way light is focused on the retina by modifying the eye’s shape. Different surgical techniques are available depending on the patient’s condition, including laser-based procedures like LASIK, PRK, and SMILE, as well as lens-based procedures such as Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implantation and refractive lens exchange. Each technique uses cutting-edge technology to ensure precision, reduce healing time, and maximize vision correction. The choice of surgery depends on the patient’s eye condition, prescription, and corneal thickness. Consulting with an experienced ophthalmologist will help determine the best approach for each individual seeking vision correction surgery.

Who is a Good Candidate for Refractive Surgery?

Not everyone is an ideal candidate for refractive correction surgery. To be eligible, a patient must meet the following criteria:

• Must be at least 18 years old (preferably 21+ for stable vision)

• Have a stable prescription for at least one year

• Have a healthy cornea with sufficient thickness

• Be free from severe eye conditions like keratoconus, glaucoma, or advanced dry eye syndrome

• Not be pregnant or nursing, as hormonal changes can affect vision

• Have realistic expectations about the outcomes of the procedure

If you meet these criteria and want to explore options for clear vision without glasses, refractive surgery may be the right choice for you.

Types of Refractive Eye Surgery

Refractive surgery consists of different techniques that cater to various vision correction needs. The most common procedures include:

PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy) – Benefits & Procedure

PRK is one of the earliest forms of eye refractive surgery. It involves removing the thin outer layer of the cornea (epithelium) and then reshaping the corneal tissue using an excimer laser. Benefits of PRK include suitability for patients with thin corneas, no risk of corneal flap complications, and ideal correction for individuals with active lifestyles. While PRK has a slightly longer recovery period compared to LASIK, it is still a highly effective option for vision correction surgery, particularly for individuals with irregular corneal surfaces.

LASIK Surgery – Flap-Based Eye Correction

LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) is the most popular form of refractive surgery. It involves creating a thin corneal flap using a microkeratome or femtosecond laser, reshaping the underlying tissue with an excimer laser, and repositioning the flap. Advantages of LASIK include quick recovery time with minimal discomfort, immediate improvement in vision, and a high success rate with long-term stability.

Refractive Lenticule Extraction – ReLEx SMILE / FLEX

SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) and FLEX (Femtosecond Lenticule Extraction) are minimally invasive laser procedures that involve removing a tiny lenticule from the cornea. Key benefits of these procedures include no flap creation, reducing the risk of flap-related issues, faster healing and lower risk of dry eye syndrome, and suitability for individuals with high myopia. SMILE is particularly beneficial for individuals looking for a flapless, minimally invasive procedure with fast recovery and minimal postoperative discomfort.

Lens-Based Refractive Surgeries

For patients who are not candidates for laser-based procedures, lens-based surgeries offer an alternative.

Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) – An Alternative to LASIK

ICL surgery involves implanting a biocompatible lens inside the eye, providing permanent vision correction without reshaping the cornea. It is ideal for patients with thin corneas or extreme refractive errors, individuals seeking a reversible procedure, and those with dry eye concerns. ICL is gaining popularity as an excellent alternative to LASIK, offering superior vision quality and reversibility if needed.

Refractive Lens Exchange – Best for Presbyopia & High Refractive Errors

Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE) replaces the natural lens with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL), correcting vision while also preventing cataract formation in the future. It is especially beneficial for:

• Older individuals experiencing presbyopia
• Those with extreme hyperopia

Benefits & Risks of Refractive Surgery

Benefits

• Permanent correction of vision
• Improved quality of life with reduced dependency on glasses and contact lenses
• High success rate with rapid recovery
• Customizable solutions for different eye conditions

Risks

• Temporary discomfort and dry eyes post-surgery
• Potential for glare, halos, or night vision disturbances
• Rare complications like under-correction, over-correction, or flap-related issues

Refractive Surgery Recovery & Post-Procedure Care

Post-surgical care is crucial for optimal recovery and best results. Here are key aftercare tips:

• Avoid rubbing the eyes for at least two weeks

• Use prescribed eye drops to prevent dryness and infection

• Wear protective eyewear, especially in bright environments

• Avoid swimming and heavy physical activity for a few weeks

• Attend follow-up checkups to monitor healing

Cost of Refractive Surgery in India

The cost of refractive surgery in India varies based on the procedure, clinic location, and surgeon expertise. On average:

• LASIK: ₹25,000 – ₹60,000 per eye

• PRK: ₹20,000 – ₹50,000 per eye

• SMILE: ₹60,000 – ₹1,00,000 per eye

• ICL: ₹80,000 – ₹1,50,000 per eye

• RLE: ₹80,000 – ₹2,00,000 per eye

Many eye hospitals offer EMI options and insurance coverage for specific procedures.